Achilles Tendon free essay sample

The Achilles ligament is an extreme band of threadlike tissue that associates the lower leg muscles to the heel bone. The Achilles ligament is additionally called the calcaneal ligament. The lower leg muscles join into one band of tissue, which turns into the Achilles ligament at the low finish of the calf. The Achilles ligament at that point embeds into the heel bone. Little sacs of liquid called bursa pad the Achilles ligament at the heel. The Achilles ligament is the biggest and most grounded ligament in the body. At the point when the calf on our toes when strolling, running, or hopping. Notwithstanding its quality, the Achilles ligament is additionally helpless against injury, because of its restricted blood flexibly and the high strains set on it. Achilles ligament wounds are normal in individuals who take an interest in these games, for example, running, acrobatic, move, football, baseball, softball, b-ball, tennis, and volleyball. An Achilles ligament injury may be brought about by abuse. We will compose a custom paper test on Achilles Tendon or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Venturing up your degree of physical movement too rapidly. Not extending enough before work out. Wearing high heels, which increment the weight on the ligament. Issues with the feet. An Achilles ligament injury can result from level feet, otherwise called fallen curves. In this condition, the effect of a stage makes the curve of your foot breakdown, extending the muscles and ligaments. Muscles or ligaments in the leg that are excessively close. Rest your Achilles ligament. Maintain a strategic distance from all exercises that strain the ligament, for example, step climbing or running. While permitting your ligament the days, weeks, or months it needs to recuperate, attempt different exercises, such asâ swimming. Lessen torment by icing your Achilles ligament and taking nonprescription torment relievers. Follow your physical therapyâ program on the off chance that one has been recommended for you, and do delicate extending and reinforcing works out, particularly centering onâ calf extends. Try not to smoke or utilize other tobacco items. Smoking eases back mending, since it decreasesâ blood gracefully. Wear footwear that secures the ligament while it is recuperating. Quality athletic shoes that help your curves and pad your heels can have a major effect in your day by day comfort and the mending procedure. If necessary, converse with your physical therapistâ about heel cushions. A gauze that keeps your footâ flexed can limit the movement of the Achilles ligament. A silicone sleeve or cushion can circulate pressure on the Achilles ligament.

Tv Production Notes Essay Example for Free

Television Production Notes Essay An away from of the procedure message (wanted impact) will assist you with choosing the most proper sort of creation (single-camera or multicamera, studio or field, recorded or live, persistent or intermittent takes for postproduction) and t he medium prerequisites. A cautious content examination should prompt a securing point-a particularly distinctive visual or aural picture that decides the ensuing perceptions and sequencing. Perception (intellectually observing and hearing key pictures) is critical for the effective interpretation of content to screen occasion. The floor plan or area sketch empowers the executive to design camera and ability positions and traffic. The storyboard shows drawings or PC produced pictures of key representation purposes of an occasion with going with sound data just as the best possible sequencing of shots. While setting up the show for the real creation day, you should decipher the floor plan for area sketch and imprint the content. The significant parts of god content stamping are intelligibility and consistency. Exact and simple to-peruse content markings help you and other creation work force envision and execute an extraordinary assortment of signals. The director’s prompt care staff typically bargains a story supervisor, a PA (creation right hand), and, in bigger creations, an AD (partner or collaborator executive). The offices demand is a basic specialized gadget for acquiring the fundamental creation offices and gear. The creation plan shows the preproduction, creation, and postproductions dates and who is doing what, when, and where. 9ik The course of events shows a breakdown of time hinders for different exercises on the real creation day. To encourage correspondence between the chief and the specialized and nontechnical work force, the executive must build up a particular everyday practice and stick to it. Email messages must be promptly recognized by the beneficiary. VOCAB: Promotion: helps the chief in all creation stages DP: significant movie creation, the DP is liable for the lighting. In littler film creations and in EFG, the DP will work the camera. Offices Request: a rundown that contains all tech. offices required for a particular creation Floor Plan: a chart of landscape and properties drawn on a lattice design Location Sketch: an unpleasant guide of the area of a remote shoot. Securing: an epically clear mental picture outwardly or aural during content examination that decides the representations and sequencing. Medium Requirement: every substance component, creation components and individuals expected to produce the characterized procedure message Process message: the message really apparent by the watcher during the time spent viewing a TV program. Creation Schedule: the schedule that shows the preproduction, creation and postproduction dates and who is doing what, when, and where. Sequencing: the control and the organizing of a shot during altering Storyboard: a progression of portrayals of the key perception purposes of an occasion, with the comparing sound data Time Line: a breakdown of time obstructs for different exercises on the genuine creation day, for example, call team, arrangement, and camera practice. Representation: intellectually changing over a scene into various key video pictures and sounds, not so much in succession.

Startup Hubs Around the World Tel Aviv

Startup Hubs Around the World Tel Aviv 1.  LOCATION‘Location, Location, Location’ is often touted as an important real estate claim.   The same ‘location, location, location’ chant should be heard throughout the world as entrepreneurs search for the perfect location to start their company.   When considering the location for your start-up, you have to take into account the environment that the business will be open in.   Are you looking for solid neighbors that you can collaborate with or do you want quick access to venture capitalists? What is the primary goal and the direction the start-up should take?The diversity of the start-ups based in Tel Aviv allows for easy collaboration across industries.   Internet, mobile communication, security companies can all benefit from working together to create new and compelling technology.   Fashion websites that allow users to ask their social network for advice about outfits to wear are worlds away from robots that are designed for warfare, and yet they both co-exist in th e start-up hub of Tel Aviv.   In their own way, they are both products of the environment they were created in. The robotic developments are primarily created by ex-military officers who realized that using robotic controls would help save human lives in the case of an emergency.   Men (and women) who face the fear of attack every day would be searching for a possible solution and alternative, and it is easy to see where the idea for such an invention came from.   A fashion social network that is developed by people who may not be able to venture outside at random times due to imminent or potential attacks becomes not only a way of escape, but a way to maintain relationships with people who live away from you.   It combines a love of fashion with the possibilities of technology, creating a useful, powerful network.The buzzing feel of the city is from a combination of the creative atmosphere and a growing entrepreneurial market that makes the city feel alive.   The city of Tel Aviv i s home to thousands of people and a startlingly high proportion of start-ups.   Living in a nation that is surrounded by hostile nations can be frightening, so one has to wonder how (and why) so many companies have decided to set up shop in Tel Aviv.   One entrepreneur explained that after living with the very real threat of an enemy attack, deciding to venture into a start-up no longer seemed frightening.   Apparently, this idea is correct, because the tiny Middle Eastern nation of Israel is home to more NASDAQ IPO’s than any other country outside of the United States and Canada.As a major hub, access to and from Tel Aviv is relatively easy.   The commercial airport lets business leaders have access to the city easily.   Venturing into Tel Aviv can require summoning extra measures of courage, but can be worth the effort when confronted with a wide variety of start-ups just waiting for funding.    The venture capitalist who invests in Tel Aviv knows that there is inherent risk to their investment, but the reward and payoff are more than worth the risk.With the special security concerns that Tel Aviv has, there is much consternation among investors about the best and most economical way to ship products.   With Tel Aviv’s heavy specialization into high-tech fields, however, there are no products to ship, no raw materials to gather and no products to try to ship out locally. This has allowed Tel Aviv to generate some of the world’s most impressive tech companies, while developers have built platforms that are used by consumers globally.An interesting fact about Tel Aviv is the almost invisible presence it has to most people.   While many people have heard of the city, it is rarely mentioned in a list of top innovative cities by people who are outside the technical industries.   When given a list of companies or products that got their start in the Middle Eastern city, people are shocked.   This almost under the radar persona has allowed Tel Aviv to quietl y assemble the pieces it needed to make an entrance onto the world stage, catching everyone off guard.2. TAX INCENTIVESThe city works hard to create a climate that is attractive to companies looking for a home base. With partnerships that include some of the largest names in the tech world, the incentives to operate out of Tel Aviv in many ways go beyond the tax and legal benefits available to the company.  As with any location, investigation of the tax laws of the country will help to establish if the location is right for your company.   There are specific tax incentives that encourage Israeli companies to start (and stay) in Israel, and multi-national firms are given additional consideration for tax purposes.   Understanding the laws of another country may not be as easy as it looks at first glance, so make sure that you consult with a tax professional who is familiar with the taxation laws of Tel Aviv.Companies that are developing in the fields of biotechnology or nanotechnolog y, and who meet the exacting specifications of the government are eligible for additional tax credits.   Trying to navigate the murky requirements is not easy and requires assistance by someone who knows both the market and the law.How Tel Aviv Empowers Startups 3. LEGAL INCENTIVESDeveloping an infrastructure that is friendly to start-ups required diligence and careful planning. The continual planning and success of the start-up hub is dependent on the highly experienced business and financial services which work in conjunction with the tech industry.Intellectual property is valued in Tel Aviv â€" and is given protection under Israeli law. This legal backing is important in a country that focuses their attention on developing tech products.   Without having to worry about products or items, the city knows it must protect one of its most valuable resources: innovation. By protecting the very skilled and detailed intellectual property that has come out of Tel Aviv, they have establish ed themselves as a city that will continue to grow in the tech market. It is extremely attractive to a developer to know that their work is protected, and they will seek out those type of locations for continued work.4. AVAILABILITY OF INVESTORSIn an effort to increase the city’s exposure to potential markets, new talent and capital, the city regularly promotes networking and conferences around international tech fields. New web interfaces allow local users to interact with city life and take advantage of the continually growing tech market. This entrepreneurial climate is rich with potential investors who are attracted to the start-ups that originate here. Surrounded by the world’s third highest amount of venture capital, the city is constantly producing start-ups that bring elevated returns on investments. In addition, over 60% of the seed start-ups in Israel are located within Tel Aviv â€" making this one of the most heavily invested hubs in the world.The challenge, then, for entrepreneurs, is to ensure that their idea gets noticed in a sea of technology.   By networking, using collaborative efforts and getting their product in front of the right investors, tech start-ups can jockey for position among the competition.5. AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL RESOURCES AND WORKFORCEThe combination of: talent that is second to none, incubators for start-ups, research and development centers and co-working spaces makes Tel Aviv highly attractive for tech start-ups. With academic programs specifically designed for tech related fields in business, Tel Aviv consistently ranks in the top five nations of the world for availability of qualified engineers and scientists.  Two years of required service in the military has helped Israeli entrepreneurs to overcome challenges, even in the fact of actual warfare.   Those years of training have established Israeli entrepreneurs as risk takers who aren’t afraid to fight for what they want.With a strong university presence, the gradua tes of colleges around Tel Aviv are highly educated and prepared to enter the workforce. Per capita, Israel is the number one country for engineers, which could explain why they are experiencing an explosion in innovation and design.   The ability of Tel Aviv to retain those skilled workers is another component to their success. When their students graduate, they look for jobs within the Tel Aviv landscape, so there is a constant infusion of newly trained workers fresh from university. This also works to keep the industry on the edge of development and methods. With a population that is rich in young developers, it creates an environment where change is celebrated and fresh thinking is prized.The workforce in Tel Aviv is constantly re-generating itself.   By drawing talent from around the world, as well as populating their city with graduates, there is always a steady stream of available workers.   Being able to draw from the many industries in the city allows start-ups to always be drawing from the top of the talent pool.6. SPECIALIZATION The world has had one eye on the Middle East for a variety of reasons over the last several decades.   The tiny nation of Israel has been war-torn, often featured in news stories because of violence, injury or other aggressive behavior. Not surprisingly, Tel Aviv is rarely considered as a start-up hub.   In reality, Tel Aviv is one of the leading locations in the world for start-ups.   Trying to discover the secret that this tiny nation possesses, and has taken it to the top of the start-up charts can help drive your own search for a start-up location.   How does a company survive in a war zone? What specific elements does a company need to make money in spite of what is happening politically? When does the risk of starting a company outweigh a risk of personal safety? Can a company thrive under adverse conditions? © Shutterstock.com | Boris StroujkoIn this article, we look at  six essential elements  of any potential start-up location that must be considered: 1)  location, 2)  tax incentives, 3)  legal incentives, 4)  availability of investors, 5)  local resources and workforce, and 6)  specialization.1.  LOCATION‘Location, Location, Location’ is often touted as an important real estate claim.   The same ‘location, location, location’ chant should be heard throughout the world as entrepreneurs search for the perfect location to start their company.   When considering the location for your start-up, you have to take into account the environment that the business will be open in.   Are you looking for solid neighbors that you can collaborate with or do you want quick access to venture capitalists? What is the primary goal and the direction the start-up should take?The diversity of the start-ups based in Tel Aviv allows for easy collaboration across industries.   Internet, mobile communi cation, security companies can all benefit from working together to create new and compelling technology.   Fashion websites that allow users to ask their social network for advice about outfits to wear are worlds away from robots that are designed for warfare, and yet they both co-exist in the start-up hub of Tel Aviv.   In their own way, they are both products of the environment they were created in. The robotic developments are primarily created by ex-military officers who realized that using robotic controls would help save human lives in the case of an emergency.   Men (and women) who face the fear of attack every day would be searching for a possible solution and alternative, and it is easy to see where the idea for such an invention came from.   A fashion social network that is developed by people who may not be able to venture outside at random times due to imminent or potential attacks becomes not only a way of escape, but a way to maintain relationships with people who liv e away from you.   It combines a love of fashion with the possibilities of technology, creating a useful, powerful network.The buzzing feel of the city is from a combination of the creative atmosphere and a growing entrepreneurial market that makes the city feel alive.   The city of Tel Aviv is home to thousands of people and a startlingly high proportion of start-ups.   Living in a nation that is surrounded by hostile nations can be frightening, so one has to wonder how (and why) so many companies have decided to set up shop in Tel Aviv.   One entrepreneur explained that after living with the very real threat of an enemy attack, deciding to venture into a start-up no longer seemed frightening.   Apparently, this idea is correct, because the tiny Middle Eastern nation of Israel is home to more NASDAQ IPO’s than any other country outside of the United States and Canada.As a major hub, access to and from Tel Aviv is relatively easy.   The commercial airport lets business leaders hav e access to the city easily.   Venturing into Tel Aviv can require summoning extra measures of courage, but can be worth the effort when confronted with a wide variety of start-ups just waiting for funding.    The venture capitalist who invests in Tel Aviv knows that there is inherent risk to their investment, but the reward and payoff are more than worth the risk.With the special security concerns that Tel Aviv has, there is much consternation among investors about the best and most economical way to ship products.   With Tel Aviv’s heavy specialization into high-tech fields, however, there are no products to ship, no raw materials to gather and no products to try to ship out locally. This has allowed Tel Aviv to generate some of the world’s most impressive tech companies, while developers have built platforms that are used by consumers globally.An interesting fact about Tel Aviv is the almost invisible presence it has to most people.   While many people have heard of the city , it is rarely mentioned in a list of top innovative cities by people who are outside the technical industries.   When given a list of companies or products that got their start in the Middle Eastern city, people are shocked.   This almost under the radar persona has allowed Tel Aviv to quietly assemble the pieces it needed to make an entrance onto the world stage, catching everyone off guard.2. TAX INCENTIVESThe city works hard to create a climate that is attractive to companies looking for a home base. With partnerships that include some of the largest names in the tech world, the incentives to operate out of Tel Aviv in many ways go beyond the tax and legal benefits available to the company.  As with any location, investigation of the tax laws of the country will help to establish if the location is right for your company.   There are specific tax incentives that encourage Israeli companies to start (and stay) in Israel, and multi-national firms are given additional consideratio n for tax purposes.   Understanding the laws of another country may not be as easy as it looks at first glance, so make sure that you consult with a tax professional who is familiar with the taxation laws of Tel Aviv.Companies that are developing in the fields of biotechnology or nanotechnology, and who meet the exacting specifications of the government are eligible for additional tax credits.   Trying to navigate the murky requirements is not easy and requires assistance by someone who knows both the market and the law.How Tel Aviv Empowers Startups 3. LEGAL INCENTIVESDeveloping an infrastructure that is friendly to start-ups required diligence and careful planning. The continual planning and success of the start-up hub is dependent on the highly experienced business and financial services which work in conjunction with the tech industry.Intellectual property is valued in Tel Aviv â€" and is given protection under Israeli law. This legal backing is important in a country that focus es their attention on developing tech products.   Without having to worry about products or items, the city knows it must protect one of its most valuable resources: innovation. By protecting the very skilled and detailed intellectual property that has come out of Tel Aviv, they have established themselves as a city that will continue to grow in the tech market. It is extremely attractive to a developer to know that their work is protected, and they will seek out those type of locations for continued work.4. AVAILABILITY OF INVESTORSIn an effort to increase the city’s exposure to potential markets, new talent and capital, the city regularly promotes networking and conferences around international tech fields. New web interfaces allow local users to interact with city life and take advantage of the continually growing tech market. This entrepreneurial climate is rich with potential investors who are attracted to the start-ups that originate here. Surrounded by the world’s third h ighest amount of venture capital, the city is constantly producing start-ups that bring elevated returns on investments. In addition, over 60% of the seed start-ups in Israel are located within Tel Aviv â€" making this one of the most heavily invested hubs in the world.The challenge, then, for entrepreneurs, is to ensure that their idea gets noticed in a sea of technology.   By networking, using collaborative efforts and getting their product in front of the right investors, tech start-ups can jockey for position among the competition.5. AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL RESOURCES AND WORKFORCEThe combination of: talent that is second to none, incubators for start-ups, research and development centers and co-working spaces makes Tel Aviv highly attractive for tech start-ups. With academic programs specifically designed for tech related fields in business, Tel Aviv consistently ranks in the top five nations of the world for availability of qualified engineers and scientists.  Two years of requi red service in the military has helped Israeli entrepreneurs to overcome challenges, even in the fact of actual warfare.   Those years of training have established Israeli entrepreneurs as risk takers who aren’t afraid to fight for what they want.With a strong university presence, the graduates of colleges around Tel Aviv are highly educated and prepared to enter the workforce. Per capita, Israel is the number one country for engineers, which could explain why they are experiencing an explosion in innovation and design.   The ability of Tel Aviv to retain those skilled workers is another component to their success. When their students graduate, they look for jobs within the Tel Aviv landscape, so there is a constant infusion of newly trained workers fresh from university. This also works to keep the industry on the edge of development and methods. With a population that is rich in young developers, it creates an environment where change is celebrated and fresh thinking is prized.T he workforce in Tel Aviv is constantly re-generating itself.   By drawing talent from around the world, as well as populating their city with graduates, there is always a steady stream of available workers.   Being able to draw from the many industries in the city allows start-ups to always be drawing from the top of the talent pool.6. SPECIALIZATIONTel Aviv is rich with high-tech industries: from fledgling startups to global tech superpowers. The combination of highly skilled workers, top-notch universities and programs that are designed for foreign students has given Tel Aviv an edge over other start-up hubs. Business, design and technology are key focus areas for the start-ups in Tel Aviv; generating a culture of creativity and innovation.One of the most unlikely hotbeds of advanced technology, Tel Aviv has quietly built itself into a powerhouse in the start-up hub market.   Without much fanfare or attention, the entrepreneurs in Israel began to focus their attention on generatin g a climate that thrives on innovation and cutting edge design. Against all odds, the tech market in the Middle East is not only still growing, but has expanded into new fields like cybersecurity and clean energy.   By joining forces with international companies like Google or IBM, the start-up market has given itself an edge over the competition and is drawing skilled workers to the city.   The backing of the large companies gives validity to the work that is being done in Tel Aviv and allows for the continued growth of Tel Aviv as a start-up hub.   The future of Tel Aviv is rich with potential.Startup Tel Aviv A few key start-up companies that began in Tel Aviv:Wix:   A drag-and-drop web building platform that allows even the most novice user to develop professional looking websites.   Growing at a rate of almost 2 million new users annually, Wix allows users to choose from templates or design their own site from scratch.Fiverr: An online marketplace, Fiverr allows the user to see k out freelance work on gigs such as developing a company logo, copywriting or even translations for one low price.   The consumer can then hire the freelancer and receive the finished product â€" all for $5.MyHeritage: A genealogy site that uses algorithms to find connections between people, the billion registered users can perform searched for long lost relatives.   Find stories in the newspaper from the turn of the century, locate photos from the early 1800’s and discover whether you really were adopted â€" all for a low monthly fee.OutBrain: Comprehensive advertising that is more in line with pay-per-click advertising, OutBrain uses algorithms to determine the right ads to display.   When a consumer clicks on one, OutBrain get paid from the advertiser.

Electronic Medical Record ( Emr ) - 1685 Words

An electronic medical record (EMR) is a digital version of the paper based medical record for an individual. An electronic medical record contains the standard medical and clinical data gathered in one provider’s office. Electronic health record goes beyond the data collected in the provider’s office and includes a more inclusive patient history. This system is intended to store data that accurately captures the state of a patient across time. One reason why health care organizations have been hesitant to use electronic medical records is the cost. â€Å"It is not only the $40,000 that software vendors charge to install an electronic records system and the $10,000 to $15,000 for annual maintenance. It is the hassle factor and the often prohibitive cost of hiring staff to enter the data and to comply with new rules and regulations(Reece, 2011). Facilities would have to hire IT people if the system goes down.If this system goes down that would impact the whole office. E lectronic medical records will cost large amounts of money to buy and maintain. Second is the disruption of the doctor-patient relationship. You cannot read a computers body language or look it in the eye. You cannot empathize or sympathize with it. â€Å"Doctors must continue to practice the art of medicine which requires that doctors actually talk and listen to their patients. We cannot forget the value of interacting with patients, looking them in the eye, and providing them undivided attention. Alot of peopleShow MoreRelatedElectronic Medical Records ( Emr )1245 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic medical records (EMR) Introduction For centuries, paper-based records were the only way of communicating patient’s medical records throughout the health care system. Gradually, for the past two decades, the healthcare system has been transitioning toward computerized systems called electronic medical records better knowns as EMR. Dr. Clem McDonald from the Regenstrief Institute stated that his â€Å"goal was to solve three problems, to eliminate the logistical problems of the paper recordsRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesElectronic Medical Record Introduction The introduction of computers has allowed the medical community to rapidly change the way they practice. Healthcare providers are no longer using paper records but have instead opted to utilize an electronic medical Record (EMR). While not all offices and hospitals have switched to an EMR it is becoming more standard to be a routine part of healthcare. Now patients can even view their health care records on the cellphones. Providers can access a patient’sRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )952 Words   |  4 Pagespatient records available throughout a health care network (ahrq.gov 2006). To the point that congress in 2009 put aside billions of dollars from the stimulus package, to create incentives for meaningful use of Health Information Technology (HIT) to physicians or health organizations. Nonetheless, despite the bright future and potential benefits of HIT some conflicts still rise about its complete adaptation and success in the future. Mainly to those particular HITs, Electronic Medical Records (EMR), PersonalRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )1688 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment pushed for the automation of Electronic Medical Record (EMR), hospitals and private practices were required to follow the government mandate to avail of the incentives and at the same time to qualify for Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. Moving from paper to electronic records was a monumental tasks not only in the implementation of the software but also in training all hospital providers to properly use the EMR. In 2010, the University of Maryland Medical System (UMMS) decided to switchRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr ) Essay1810 Words   |  8 Pages Data Errors in Electronic Medical Records Amanda Baksh Nursing 232 Professor Virgona May 19,2015 An Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is a digital account of a paper chart in a health facility. It comprises of a systematic collection of treatment and medical account of the individual patients in one practice. An EMR permits a medical officer to keep track of data over time, simply recognize which patients are in line for for preventative screenings, look how patients are faring on particularRead MoreElectronic Medical Records ( Emr )1322 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology Technology plays a vital role on the overall productivity of a medical practice. Electronic medical records (EMR) are commonly used by both large and small practices. They offer practices an efficient mean of storing patient data; furthermore, the government offer incentives for meaningful use of electronic medical records. Generally when it comes to implementing an EMR, it is necessary to choose the right vendor. EMRs usually fall into three vendor systems: single-vendor, best-of-breed, andRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr ) Essay1758 Words   |  8 PagesAn electronic medical record (EMR) is a digital version of the paper based medical record for an individual. An electronic medical record contains the standard medical and clinical data gathered in one provider’s office. Electronic health record goes beyond the data collected in the provider’s office and includes a more inclusive patient history. This system is intended to store data that accurately captures the state of a patient across time. One reason why health care organizations have beenRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )1574 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States. In 2008, ONC decided on terms used to identify patient’s records. Within the clinical information system, there are three different types of patient records being used. Electronic medical record (EMR) is used primarily in hospitals and is a way for staff to digitally record patient information. This information details the care the patient received at the healthcare facility. A patient can have several EMRs from different offices. Those that meet national standards can integrateRead MoreThe Electronic Medical Record ( Emr )1626 Words   |  7 PagesMeaningful Use and its Development The electronic medical record (EMR) is the replacement of paper manual charts and is being used all across the country. As per Hebda and Czar (2013), the EMR is the â€Å"building block† of the electronic health record (EHR), which can be defined as â€Å"a longitudinal record that includes client data, demographics, clinician notes, medications, diagnostic findings, and other essential healthcare information† (p.293). The widespread use of EHR’s in America is foreseeableRead MoreThe Electronic Medical Record ( Emr )2104 Words   |  9 Pagesto the Providence Leadership team. One area that has been worked on is the use of technology to ease the caregiver’s way. This has been implemented by the use of the Electronic Medical Record (EMR). The reason this has eased the way not only for patients but for caregivers is because it has allowed them to see a patient’s records in one place instead of having to dig for information. Having all of this info rmation at their fingertips has allowed for the caregiver to focus on the patient more and

What the Experts Are Not Saying About Nursing Scholarships Essay Samples and What This Means For You

What the Experts Are Not Saying About Nursing Scholarships Essay Samples and What This Means For You The Nuiances of Nursing Scholarships Essay Samples It's quite easy to use along with self explanatory. You will also get to take a look at a couple of essay examples, and a list of do's and don'ts that is likely to make the writing process even simpler for you. While it's true that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely challenging to write. As soon as you receive a work done from us you will return again if you need assistance with another one of your essays. If you're asking for a scholarship, odds are you're likely to should compose an essay. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. Your success will heavily rely on the language and tone you are using in your essay. You have to pick your words carefully, seeing as they can make an immense effect on your essay general success. Writing a leadership essay isn't as complex as it appears. All you need to do is complete a brief form to inform us a bit about yourself and answer a single essay question in 250 words or less. Make sure that your essay is neatly typed, and that there's a great deal of white space' on the webpage. Make certain you have enough time to look into the topic, make an outline and reread your essay repeatedly. Ideal nursing essay writing service by means of your nursing. Characteristics of Nursing Scholarships Essay Samples To win, you must compose a brief essay about the Seventh Amendment and the way it influences your life. Commitment is quite a personal practice. Vital Pieces of Nursing Scholarships Essay Samples There are lots of concerns that you can do to improve your odds of obtaining a scholarship and writing a scholarship essay is just one of it. If you're applying for a scholarship odds are you are likely to should compose an essay. There is nobody approach to compose a winning scholarship application. There's one important thi ng you should know before even starting to assemble material for your scholarship letter. It is far easier to compose an essay having a plan and comprehension of what and where you're speaking about. Write an anecdote, a quote, an intriguing fact or a story from your private life to illustrate what you are likely to write about later on. For instance, the author addresses the manner that American history classes do not typically address about the Vietnam War, despite the fact that it happened just a limited time ago. Set aside your very first thought in the event the essay appears too straightforward and choose another direction. If you intend to apply for scholarships, you should compose a personal essay that states why you decided to apply. Essays are often needed for scholarship applications. Scholarship essays can be quite stressful. Let's find out the way to start at the moment. The college or university you're going to be attending may give some scholarships for returning students, therefore it never hurts to begin looking there. The maximum scholarship at the biggest school isn't always the best to receive. If a high school student is recognized by means of a college, they could possibly be extended a scholarship. Additionally, the students find it difficulty to compose scholarships since they do not have sufficient time. Some students highly depend on the web for sources due to its convenience. Though many students may write well, not a lot of applicants put in the effort to achieve that. Prospective students considering the area of nursing will get the career rewarding.

Banking Industry in Nigeria Free Essays

Against the backdrop of the role of banks as financial intermediaries and their function as the engine of growth of the economy, this paper examines the extent to which the banking industry has helped to stimulate economic activities in Nigeria and what the prognosis looks like in the post-consolidation era. The paper notes that the banking industry in Nigeria witnessed a remarkable growth in terms of deposit base, number of branches, total asset and volume of loans and advances, especially since the de-regulation of the financial services sector in the last quarter of 1986. However, given the potentials of the market, banks need to do more, particularly in financing the real sector of the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Banking Industry in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is argued that the consolidation programme is expected to have a positive effect on employment in the long-run, and that has drastically altered and redefined the nature of competition in the banking industry. Furthermore, it argues that mere size would no longer be a critical factor in the customers’ choice of which bank to patronize. Rather, emphasis would shift to the ability to deliver superior value to customers. THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY POST-CONSOLIDATION By DR. B. B. EBONG GROUP MANAGING DIRECTOR/CHIEF EXECUTIVE UNION BANK OF NIGERIA PLC 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Banks facilitate economic growth in a variety of ways. In the first instance, they act as financial intermediaries between the surplus generating units and the deficit spending ones. This is a two-fold function involving the mobilisation of savings from the former group which are then channelled to the latter to support productive economic activities. This intermediary role is important in two respects. First, by pooling together savings that would have otherwise been fragmented, banks are able to achieve economies of scale with potential benefits for the users of such funds. Secondly, in the absence of banks, each person or business seeking credit facility would have had to individually look for those with such funds and negotiate with them directly. This is a cumbersome and timeconsuming process of double coincidence of wants. By matching the preferences of savers with those of borrowers therefore, banks help in overcoming such difficulties. It is pertinent to note that it is from this intermediation function that banks normally not only earn the bulk of their income by way of interest margin but also pay out returns to savers, compensating them for the opportunity cost of their money. It is important to bear this point in mind because, as we shall see later, if any bank is unable to recover the funds it lends out, its own existence as a going concern would be undermined rapidly and ultimately. This is to the extent that its ability to meet the withdrawal needs of depositors would be impaired. It is for this reason that the officials of any bank cannot afford to toy with the management of its risk assets. Towards ensuring that the funds they lend out are recovered, banks have found it expedient to provide business advisory services to their customers. The essence of availing their clients these services is to assure themselves that the beneficiaries adopt modern management policies and practices in running the affairs of their respective companies which benefit from borrowed funds. The ultimate goal is to guarantee that these customers are in a position o service their loan obligations as and when due. This, in turn, would enable banks meet their obligations to depositors while also earning a narrow margin to ensure business continuity and corporate growth. Banks also play a pivotal role in an economy by providing a mechanism for producers/buyers and consumers/sellers to settle transactions between themselves. They do this not only within a country but also across national boundaries through a highly efficient and technologically enabled payments systems. In the process, banks encourage specialisation and division of labour, a major advantage of which is the enhanced production and economic growth of the country. Furthermore, banks act as a conduit for the transmission of monetary policy. They provide a veritable platform when it comes to the implementation of monetary, credit, foreign exchange, and other financial sector policies of the government. Among other things, monetary policy is designed to influence the cost and availability of loanable funds with a view to promoting non-inflationary growth. The instruments available to the Central Bank to achieve this include open market operations (OMO), the cash reserve ratio (CRR), liquidity ratio (LR) and of course, moral suasion. The capacity of the banking industry to perform these functions effectively is, to a large extent, determined by the financial health of the individual institutions themselves and soundness and viability of the industry as a whole. For instance, where the majority of banks are adjudged to be weak and unhealthy, that will impair the ability of the industry to lubricate economic growth and vice versa. Against this background, the objective of this presentation is to examine the extent to which the banking industry has helped to stimulate economic activities in Nigeria and what the prognosis looks like in the post-consolidation era, come January 2006. To achieve its objective, this paper is organised into five parts. Following this introduction, we review the performance of the Nigerian banking industry between 2000 and 2004 in section II. The challenges facing the banking industry, which the current reform programme was designed to address, are highlighted in section III. In section IV, we present the prognosis and outlook during the post-consolidation era while section V contains the concluding remarks. 2. 0 THE PERFORMANCE OF THE NIGERIAN BANKING INDUSTRY IN 1990 – 2004 PERIOD. The banking industry in Nigeria has witnessed a remarkable growth, especially since the de-regulation of the financial services sector in the last quarter of 1986. In terms of headcount for instance, the number of banks increased by about 154. 8% from 42 in 1986 to 107 in 1990. It further increased by about 12% to120 in 1992. By 2004, however, the number had reduced to 89. This was because, some banks had to be liquidated on account of their dwindling fortunes. The number of bank branches also rose from 1,394 in 1986 to 2,013 in 1990, 2,391 in1992 and by 2004 in spite of the reduction in number of banks, it had reached 3,100. This translates to an inter-temporal increases of 44%, 18. 8% and 29. 7%, respectively. Given this scenario, the pertinent question agitating the critical mind is the extent to which the expansion in the number of banks and their branch network had impacted on the economy. Another way to evaluate the performance of banks is to carefully examine the credits they granted, both in terms of volume, distribution by sectors, and the maturity profile. The data on banks’ credit to the economy are shown in table 2 below. Table 2: Banks’ Credits to the Economy, 1990 – 2004 Year Aggregate banks’ credit (Net) (N billion) 42. 58 49. 41 59. 25 125. 75 162. 83 194. 05 266. 44 Growth rate (%) Net Domestic Credit Target (%) 13. 5 10. 6 13. 2 17. 5 9. 4 11. 3 12. 0 Actual (%) 17. 1 45. 3 69. 1 91. 4 29. 2 7. -23. 4 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 16 19. 9 112. 2 29. 5 19. 2 37. 3 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 302. 31 378. 08 608. 44 807. 01 1,033. 64 1,302. 2 1,591. 2 2,078. 1 13. 5 25. 1 60. 1 32. 6 28. 1 26. 0 22. 2 30. 6 24. 8 24. 5 18. 3 27. 8 15. 8 57. 9 25. 7 24. 5 -2. 8 46. 8 30. 0 -25. 3 79. 9 64. 6 29. 1 12. 0 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, (various years) As the figures show, t he rate of growth of aggregate bank credit (net) to the domestic economy ranged from 13. % in 1997 to 112. 2% in 1993. However, according to the Central Bank of Nigeria, in its 2004 Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, an analysis of the sectoral allocation of these credits revealed that the less productive sectors of the economy continued to be favoured. For instance, in 2003, those sectors comprising agriculture, solid minerals and manufacturing got only 40. 2% of the credits. The situation worsened in 2004 as this figure further declined to 37. 0%. The corollary of this is that, on average, it was more attractive for banks to lend to such sectors as distributive trade, especially import financing, because the risks associated with such lending were relatively lower. The turn around time was equally shorter. Furthermore, as shown in the last column of table 2, actual domestic credit (net) consistently deviated from target for most of the years for which data was shown. If we take the targets to be representative of societal preference, what this means is that the flow of credit for each of those years was far from what was socially desirable. The quality of these risk assets has worsened progressively since 2002 as the statistics in table 3 demonstrate graphically. Table 3: Asset Quality of Nigerian Banks, 1990 – 2004 Year Ratio of non-Performing Credit to total Credit (%) Ratio of non-Performing Credit to Shareholders’ Funds (%) 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 44. 10 39. 00 45. 00 41. 00 43. 00 32. 90 33. 90 25. 81 19. 35 21. 5 16. 9 21. 3 21. 6 23. 08 344. 00 222. 00 299. 00 380. 86 567. 70 496. 00 419. 80 253. 09 89. 20 92. 2 77. 1 85. 9 89. 105. 3 Source: Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation, Annual Report Statement of Accounts, Various Issues The data in table 3 reveal that the ratio of non-performing credit to total credit declined from 45% in 1992 to 23. 08% in 2004. This means that of every N100. 00 lent out during these years, banks lost an average of N30. 60. These losses contributed in no small way to the erosion of shareholders’ funds as shown i n the table. These bad accounts represented 567. 7%, 419. 8% and 105. 3% of shareholders’ funds in 1994, 1996 and 2004, respectively. In deed, in the years 1990 to 1997, the shareholders’ funds had been impaired by non-performing risk assets in several multiples. The factors responsible for the poor quality of risk assets range from inadequate appraisal of credit proposals, unfavourable environmental factors that adversely affected the cash flow of the clients’ businesses to sheer unwillingness to repay credit facilities on the part of borrowers and the corresponding ineffectiveness of the rule of law to catch up with pathological loan defaulted some of whom moved round and ravaged one bank after the other. The deterioration in the quality of banks’ risk assets took its toll on the health of the industry as the outcome of the rating of all licensed banks by the Central Bank of Nigeria using the CAMEL parameters has shown. The result of that exercise, which is reproduced in table 4 below, has shown glaringly that the performance of banks in the country has deteriorated since 2001. Table 4: Rating of Banks Using the CAMEL Parameters, 2001 – 2004 2001 No. of % of Banks Total Sound 10 11. 1 Satisfactory 63 70. Marginal 8 8. 9 Unsound 9 10. 0 Total 90 100. 0 Category 2002 No. of Banks 13 54 13 10 90 2003 No. of Banks 11 53 14 9 87 2004 No. of % of Banks Total 10 11. 5 51 58. 6 16 18. 4 10 11. 5 87 100. 0 % of Total 14. 4 60. 1 14. 4 11. 1 100. 0 % of Total 12. 6 60. 9 16. 1 10. 4 100. 0 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, 2004 From the table above, it can be seen that the banks adjudged to be sound was consistently less than 15% of the tota l number for the four-year period. In addition, those whose performance was considered satisfactory represented as high as 70% of the total in 2001. By 2004, however, this group represented only 58. 6% of the total number of banks covered by the exercise. Apart from poor quality assets, other factors responsible for this state of affairs include under-capitalisation, weak corporate governance practices, and the challenges of ethics and professionalism. It is these factors that the on-going reform agenda seeks to address with a view to totally overhauling the system. These issues are examined in more details in the next section. 3. 0 CHALLENGES FACING THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA The current banking sector reform in Nigeria was designed to promote the viability, soundness and stability of the system to enable it adequately meet the aspirations of the economy in terms of accelerated economic growth and development. The reform agenda was motivated by the need to proactively put the Nigerian banking industry on the path of global competitiveness to enable it effectively respond to the challenges of globalisation. The overall objective is to guarantee that the economy and Nigerians do not remain fringe players in the context of a globalizing world. The major challenges that the reform was targeted at include inter alia, the following: Weak capital base. Most banks in Nigeria had a capital base that was less than US$10 million while the largest bank in the country had a capital base of about US$240 million. This compared unfavourably with the situation in Malaysia where the smallest bank had a capital base of US$526 million. The small size of most local banks, coupled with their high overheads and operating expenses, has negative implications for the cost of intermediation. It also meant that they could not effectively participate in big-ticket deals, especially within framework of the single obligor limit. The challenge of ethics and professionalism. In a bid to survive the stiff competition in the market, a number of operators had resorted to unethical and unprofessional practices. Strictly speaking, some even went into some businesses that could not be classified as banking. In appreciation of the enormity of the problems caused by the failure to adhere to professional and ethical standards, the Bankers’ Committee set up a sub-committee on â€Å"ethics and professionalism† to handle complaints and disputes arising from unwholesome and sharp practices. Poor corporate governance practices. There were several instances where Board members and management staff failed to uphold and promote the basic pillars of sound corporate governance because they were preoccupied with the attainment of narrowly defined interests. The symptoms of this included high turn over in the Board and management staff, inaccurate reporting and on-compliance with regulatory requirements. Gross insider abuses. One area where this was pronounced was the credit function. As a result, there were several cases of huge non-performing insider-related credits. Insolvency. The magnitude of non-performing risk assets was such that it had eroded the shareholders’ funds of a number of banks. For instance, according to the 2004 NDIC Annual Report, the ratio of non-performing credit to shareholders’ funds deteriorated from 90% in 2003 to 105% in 2004. This meant that the shareholders’ funds had been completely wiped out industry-wide by the non-performing credit portfolio. Over-reliance on public sector deposits. These deposits accounted for over 20% of total deposits in the system. In some institutions, such public sector funds represented more than 50% of total deposits. This was not a healthy situation from the viewpoint of effective planning and plan implementation, given the volatile nature of these deposits. On account of the huge reliance on public sector funds, a number of players did not pay adequate attention to small savers who normally constitute a major source of stable funds which should be channelled to finance the real sectors. Instead, they concentrated on a few high networth individuals, government parastatals and blue chip companies. It was in response to this situation coupled with the need to accord the small and medium enterprises sub-sector the priority it deserves that the Bankers’ Committee came up with the Small and Medium Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme (SMEEIS) with a view to redirecting credit flows to the sub-sector Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, the foregoing captures the situation in the banking industry at the time the reform agenda for the sector was conceptualised and introduced. One has taken time to highlight the challenges that the industry was grappling with to enable us better appreciate the rationale for the reform in terms of what it is intended to achieve. Even though the consolidation programme has thirteen basic elements, it is those relating to the minimum capital base for banks and mergers and acquisitions that have received the most attention in the ensuing public discourse on the subject. In the light of this, it might be useful to enumerate these elements, more so that they are at the centre of this discussion. These planks of the reform programme are: Increase in the minimum capital base of banks from N2 billion to N25 billion with December 31, 2005 as deadline for compliance; Consolidation of banks through mergers and acquisitions; Phased withdrawal of public sector funds from banks, beginning from July, 2004; Adoption of a risk-focused and rule-based regulatory framework for the industry; Adoption of zero tolerance in the regulatory framework particularly in the area of information rendition/reporting. All returns by any bank must now be signed by the Managing Director; The automation of the process for rendition of returns by banks and other financial institutions through the electronic Financial Analysis and Surveillance System (e-FASS); Establishment of a hotline and confidential internet address to enable Nigerians wishing to share confidential information with the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria to do so; Strict enforcement of the contingency planning framework for systemic banking distress; The establishment of an Assets Management Company as an important element of distress resolution; Promotion of the enforcement of dormant laws, especially those relating to the issuance of dud cheques and the law relating to the vicarious liabilities of the Board members of banks in cases of bank failure; Revision and updating of relevant laws, and drafting of new ones relating to the effective operations of the banking system; Closer collaboration with the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission in the establishment of the Financial Intelligence Unit and the enforcement of the antimoney laundering and other economic crimes measures; and Rehabilitation and effective management of the Mint to meet the security printing needs of Nigeria, including the banking system which constitutes over 90% of the Mint’s business. The likely impact of these measures on the banking industry and the economy are examined in the next section. 4. 0 ANTICIPATED IMPACT OF THE CONSOLIDATION PROGRAMME ON THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY In this section, we will attempt to paint a scenario regarding the probable impact of the consolidation programme on the banking industry and, hence, the economy. In doing so, it is important to reiterate that even though the reform agenda is targeted at the banking industry, its ultimate focus is the Nigerian economy. In view of this, and in order to put the discussion in proper perspective, we would like to begin this section with a brief review of the performance of the economy between 2000 and 2004 which data are presented in table 5 hereunder: Table 5: Nigeria, Selected Macroeconomic Indicators, 2000 – 2004 Indicator Real GDP Growth Rate (%) Oil Sector Non-Oil Sector Manufacturing Capacity Utilisation (%) Gross National Savings (% of GDP) Gross Fixed Capital Formation (% of GDP) Inflation Rate (%) External Reserves (US $ million) 2000 5. 4 2001 4. 6 2002 3. 5 2003 10. 2 2004 6. 1 11. 3 2. 9 5. 2 4. 3 -5. 7 7. 9 23. 9 4. 5 3. 3 7. 5 36. 1 39. 6 44. 3 45. 6 45. 0 NA 11. 3 15. 6 13. 6 15. 3 7. 3 7. 2 9. 1 12. 0 16. 2 6. 9 9,910. 4 18. 9 10,415. 6 12. 9 7,681. 1 14. 0 7,467. 8 15. 0 16,955. 0 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, 2004 The data in table 5 reveal that, in real terms, the rate of growth of domestic output ranged from 3. 5% to 10. 2% between year 2000 and 2004. The average annual growth rate for the period was 5. 6%, which falls far short of the 10% minimum that is required for the country to meet the targets set in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Furthermore, the service sector and wholesale retail trade still account for a disproportionate share of total output, considering our stage of economic development. On the other hand, the real productive sectors like agriculture and manufac turing are yet to assume their pride of place in the economy. As can be seen from the statistics, capacity utilisation in the manufacturing sector was consistently below 50% throughout the five years. Among other things, this is a reflection of the undue competition that local manufacturers have had to face from their relatively more mature and efficient overseas counterparts. These are not healthy developments from the viewpoint of a developing country that is desirous of achieving sustained economic growth. Given the low level of domestic output, coupled with the rising demand, it is not surprising that the authorities were not able to keep the inflation rate below double digit as intended. It is this parlous state of the economy that the banking sector reform was designed to address at the end of the day. The expectation is that the reform programme will impact positively on the banking industry and thus put the economy on the path of sustainable growth. While most analysts have expressed serious concerns regarding the adverse impact of the consolidation programme on the level of employment, the authorities at the Central Bank of Nigeria have allayed such fears. While acknowledging that employment opportunities in the industry would shrink, at least in the short run, the management of the Bank is optimistic that the long-term positive effects of the reform programme on the labour market will be more far- reaching. The thrust of the argument is that at the end of the day, the consolidation programme will lead to a stronger and more robust banking industry that will adequately support the expansion of economic activities, especially in the real sectors of the economy. In this process of rejuvenating the economy, more job opportunities will be created. The consolidation programme will drastically alter and redefine the nature of competition in the banking industry. By significantly increasing the minimum capital base for banks, the policy has not only raised the barriers for new entrants, it has also reduced the number of banks in the system through the mergers and acquisitions. It will be recalled that hitherto, competition in the industry was essentially between those players that one may safely refer to as the â€Å"industry giants† on the one hand, and those popularly referred to as the new generation banks, on the other. Going forward, however, what we will witness is a battle for survival among the ensuing mega banks, all with extensive branch network. In the new dispensation, stability of individual institutions and, hence, safety of depositors’ funds is not likely to remain a major consideration in customers’ choice of which bank to patronise. Rather, emphasis will shift to the ability to deliver superior value to clients and stakeholders generally as well as the prices for bank products and services. As pointed out earlier, many banks in Nigeria had relied heavily on the public sector as a source of funds. Consequently, they did not aggressively explore available potentials in other market segments. This situation will, however, change with the withdrawal of public sector funds from the vaults of banks as part of the policy shift. We therefore expect that banks will focus more on those sectors that were hitherto underserved like the real, informal sectors, including the consumer market. They need to devise creative ways of effectively tapping into the opportunities in these market segments, both in terms of deposit mobilisation and the provision of credit facilities. Going forward therefore, banks are more likely to provide better support for sustained economic growth in Nigeria. The pressure to aggressively explore those market segments that were hitherto underserved will be reinforced by the desire on the part of the management of each bank to continue to generate attractive returns to shareholders. Currently, the average return on invested capital (ROIC) in the Nigerian banking industry is estimated at 38%. With the substantial increase in shareholders’ funds, however, each bank will need to generate a minimum of N9. billion in profit before tax in order to maintain the same rate of return. This is a daunting challenge that calls for creativity. To meet the challenge, banks will need to radically redefine their business models and strategies. The status of corporate governance in the banking industry is expected to improve remarkably following the change in ownership structure. This is because, even though poor governance practices cut across the industry, they were more pronounced in the privately owned institutions. Given the dilution of ownership in the new dispensation, the situation where individuals and their cronies had overbearing influence in the running and management of banks will become a thing of the past. Moreover, as public companies, each bank will now be subjected to a higher standard of governance in terms of information disclosure. 5. 0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION In this paper, we have examined the probable impact of the on-going banking sector reform on the Nigerian economy. In the process, we drew attention to the challenges facing operators in the banking industry that need to be addressed for the industry to make desired contributions to the orderly growth of the economy. These challenges encompass those of unethical and unprofessional behaviour, poor corporate governance practices, weak capital base, and over-dependence on public sector deposits. From the analysis, it is clear that the consolidation programme will impact positively on the economy for a number of reasons. First, the development is expected to have long-term beneficial effects on the level of employment considering that it will facilitate enhanced production in diverse sectors of the economy. The reform programme will also redefine the nature of competition in the banking industry such that each institution will have no choice but to assign priority to its capacity to deliver superior value to its clients, since this is what will ultimately make the difference between losers and winners. By denying anks access to public sector deposits, the reform will make it imperative for them to shift focus to those market segments that were largely unbanked and untapped hitherto. Furthermore, it is envisaged that the consolidation programme will have salutary effects on corporate governance practices in the industry. In concluding this discussion, it is important to reiterate that the realisation of these outcomes would depend on the effective implementation of the programme. In particular, it wou ld depend on how the banks that have embraced mergers and acquisition handle the post integration challenges that will face them. Where these issues are nor properly handled, the anticipated synergy may become elusive. BIBLIOGRAPHY Central Bank of Nigeria, Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, (various issues. ) Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation, Annual Report and Accounts, (various issued) Statement of Mckinnon, R. I. (1973), Money and Capital in Economic Development Washington, D. C. : The Brookings Institution. Oboh, G. A. T. (2005), Selected Essays On Contemporary Issues In The Nigerian Banking System. Ibadan: University Press Plc. 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Singers and Vocal Damage Essay Example

Singers and Vocal Damage Essay Vocal damage limiting singing ranges occurs only from one source; singing outside appropriate registers. The misconception singers have a â€Å"God given gift† and never took lessons is hugely to blame. Singing Bel-canto, requiring advanced training with the head voice, and belting, a very advanced technique uses the chest voice to sing high notes requires years of quality training and consistent vocal exercises to strengthen muscles used producing pleasing vocal sounds. Many self taught singers are capable of improving their own singing abilities and range capacities. Unless singers collect information on vocal conditions along with their singing research, developing problems in vocal chords can go undetected until serious vocal damage occurs. Professional   singing instructors are trained to listen for potential vocal problems. Beginning singers who sing every pitch accurately with the radio are usually disappointed to discover they can safely sing from a very limited regi ster. All vocal injuries must be corrected before expanding use of voice registers. There are many ways to prevent vocal damage. Two of the most commonly known ways are vocal warm ups and careful monitoring of any voice misalignments while singing or speaking.Vocal RegistersRegisters are defined as the area of sound, which may be applied to musical instruments, audio recording technology or vocals. When referring to singing, there are a total of three registers; middle, chest and head. Skilled singers effortlessly and unnoticeable blends all three registers. Effortlessly blending all three registers are indications of a well taken care of voice, using sufficient warm ups with every singing session; not how many years experience the singer has. With information readily available today, there is no good excuse for skipping vocal warm ups before attempting full out singing, including singing in the shower no one else is going to hear. Adequate warm ups increase the vocal registers capa city. 1. Warm ups consist of singing the vowels, before the entire words, even for just 10 or 15 minuets. Advanced singers warm up routines before each singing session usually last about 30 minuets. The warm ups continue through out the singing sessions. Even though children need warm ups, until they are about 12 years of age, they do not have the capacity to   sing outside the middle notes range. Many children’s songs can easily strain children’s vocal chords. Children can only match about two or three pitches, above the middle C. 2. The lead role of Annie, may make the child a star, and parents really proud. But the song â€Å"Tomorrow† is the last thing children of this age this role calls for should be singing, unless the sheet music is modified.   Because of age, the physiology of their sound producing organs, is to small and weak to draw sounds from their deeper registers, chest voice. Singing alphabetical two letter syllables warm up and strengthen ch ildren’s voices. Beginning singing adults can damage their vocal chords, as well as children, if they fail to consistently practice and use their existing range before going on to more advanced singing stages. Repeated careless abuse of voice can permanently restrict   availability of vocal registers singing capacity. Taking necessary precautions allow full development of vocal registers, at least greatly reduce chances of vocal injury.The most significant exercise singers can do to protect and enhance their voice is deep breathing sessions. Neither Bel Canto or belting stages can be achieved without strongest possible air capacity in the lungs.1. To prevent vocal damage, singing sessions are started with deep breathing, and the deep breathing automatically becomes part of the singing session. The breath must be sustained to hold out for at least one or two bars. 2. Not every child who sung the song Tomorrow ended up with vocal problems. The risk of injury is increased when singing the original version of the song.â€Å"When chest voice is used in a healthy way, with proper airflow and sensations of resonance in the head, it can add strength and vitality to the speaking and singing voice† (Ware, 2004). Adequate airflow through the passages is necessary to sustain the demands of making effortless transitions while interchanging vocal registers, in Bel Canto or sustaining the (1) . constant hitting together of the vocal chords during belting.Head VoiceVocal registers consists of high (head) and low (chest) ranges. (2).   The head voice sings high, fast notes; the melody. Singer’s level or singing strengths are measured by the head voice’s effortless shift in and out of vocal registers. In less experienced singers, contrast, changes, voice shifts, breaks, voice tone and quality, and lack of volume occur if there is difficulty changing registers. To prevent vocal damage, all noticeable shifts, breaks, audible contrast must be analyz ed before singing more pitch ranges. If the singers breathing is audible, contrasting with song being sung, the voice is demanding tension from inappropriate registers. Usually, contrasting breathing breaks indicates the singer’s lung or aerobic capacity is not strong enough for the song he or she is singing. â€Å"Having to take breathing breaks in the middle of conversations or when stressed, singing is affected when singing above middle C, voice is unsteady due to spasm in voice box† (Chitkara, 2006). Sheet music is marked indicating when singers can breathe. (3). Singers cannot breathe when they want to, or with each word. The song to be sung in conjunction with the music, the singer must be able to extend his or her vowel sounds through crescending or   descending stages, while sustaining the notes.1. Because belting pulls the voice out of the low register to sing the high notes, the vocal chords forcibly hit together, then immediately bounce away from one anoth er. Belting   puts demands on the vocal chords, but there is no tension or stress on the vocal chords when accurately sung. 2. To visualize the high voice, think of the left hand playing the high notes on the keyboard. 3. Music does not flow if the singer has to stop and breathe in the middle of the song.The microphone picks up on the out of place breathing, magnifies the sound, and sends it out to the audience. When Britney Spears first started singing, many people complained about her lack of singing talent. The advanced recording technology magnified her nasal singing. With regular breathing exercises, lungs accumulate strength and physical ability to sing greater range of pitches, which implements more use of registers to draw out vocal sounds. Usually the head voice is used to control breathing and pitch control.   When the lungs are fit enough to control pitches, even flow of registers are possible. The singer is getting closer to being capable of singing the Bel Canto lev el.